Naphtha is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons comprising carbon compounds ranging from C5–C9 [244]. Naphtha is the main combustible component of both gasoline and kerosene. It has a great potential for diverse industrial purposes including plastic production or its use as a cleaning extraction or dilution agent . Naphtha is traditionally generated as a co-product in fractional distillation processes from the petrochemical industry, including the production of (fossil-based) kerosene for aviation fuel. The market price of naphtha is thus closely tight to the price of crude oil .

Biofuel pathways involve the production of naphtha as a co-product (including FT, HDCJ, and HEFA; Figs. 6, 7 and 9, respectively). It can be recirculated within the process, for instance in the FT pathway it can be fed into the partial oxidation unit and reformed as syngas feedstock to produce a greater amount of aviation fuel . Additional examples of such bio-based naphtha use are described in SM1.